There are often striking parallels between different areas of philosophy. Let us consider this parallel between Empedocles, the Muṇḍaka Upaniṣad and Nietzsche’s tertium datur. γίγνεται ἄλλoτε ἄλλα καὶ ἠνεκὲς αἰὲν ὁμoῖα. (Empedocles, fr. 17, 35) At one time one thing, at another another, and continuously (ἠνεκὲς) always the same. This is how Giorgio Colli comments on this passage from Empedocles in his book Empedocles : “[...] this verse already contains in its entirety Nietzsche’s cosmic doctrine of the ‘eternal return’. Each individual thing will eternally return, identical to itself (note the emphatic expression ‘continuously always’ ) because the cycle of life, which in its unfolding causes their death, eternally returns upon itself and eternally reconstitutes them in their identical individuality.” In Muṇḍaka Upaniṣad 2.1.1 , something similar to the theory of the eternal return anticipated by Empedocles is affirmed: tathākṣarād vividhāḥ [...] bhāvāḥ prajāyante tatra caivāpi...
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